He tells of videos fellow blacks record as proof of their suffering. That shame has to do with the fact that I'm a person who understands the power of gratitude." "The World Has Need of You," Ellen Bass What if you felt the invisible All Rights Reserved. Witnessing the struggle for freedom, from the American Revolution to the Black Lives Matter movement. Jericho Brown is a contemporary poet who works as the director of the Creative Writing Program at Emory University. Broadly defined, an ekphrastic poem describes another work of art. Currently, hes presiding as a guest judge for the 2021 Palette Poetry Prize. Succinct phrases and sentences pack a deep power of knowledge and conviction. Here, he describes the efforts of his community to unveil the story the media tries to bury. Lets dedicate it to every next day. Jericho Brown Poems - Poem Analysis Jericho Brown Jericho Brown is a contemporary poet who works as the director of the Creative Writing Program at Emory University. Poetry, https://newcriterion.com/issues/2018/6/crossing-9865. We do not accept unsolicited submissions. Why do you think its important? Privacy Policy Contact Us Still I am read by satellites my tendency extrapolated. It is also supported by the Department of English at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); JSTOR Daily provides context for current events using scholarship found in JSTOR, a digital library of academic journals, books, and other material. They should consider line breaks, punctuation, and meaning when constructing the poem. Its through that lens that the poet approaches his new book, The New Testament, which hit shelves in September. This is based on an activity that Ive done for the past several years with my students on the first day. Request a transcript here. A day so happy. Like a planets only sun, our eyes straight, Until the flame sinks. 210, No. In the poem, this persona uses intimate diction (us, me and my brothers, etc.) Two summarize the narrative of this section of The Tradition; the third foreshadows the next section. He equates it to the way we think about rhyming poetry and form. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download. 53, No. For Brown, it doesnt matter if the poem doesnt have those elements, it still has to do that same kind of work and that tone and rhythm can give voice to a new deeper meaning. The Tradition is the titular poem from a poetry collection by Pulitzer Prize winner Jericho Brown. POETRY ANALYSIS OF I PROMISE YOU AND TROJAN 5 that John Clark's poem refers to love and romance as a feeling while Jericho Brown's poem is for the idea that romance as an act. The water is one thing, making this bridge How does specific imagery expand the meaning of the poem? Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. The mention of philosophers shows the extent to which these unnamed people go to influence the thoughts of the personas community. He can't bear it. [from the Lincoln Memorial to the Washington Monument, at the March on Washington, 1963]. Before subjecting them to all shades of suffering. His first book was Please, and his second was The New Testament. this video about Dr. Martin Luther Kings granddaughter. And we always get so close to greatness and then we just slide back down.Read more. Read more about the framework upon which these activities are based. Afterward, the speaker shows how these same people attempt to bury their wrongdoings with the mundane news. One thing but also everything else. You have Im the one who leaps. Walk it Jericho Browns The Tradition is forthcoming from Copper Canyon Press in March 2019. I mean to really live? Introduction copyright 2023 by The Poetry Foundation. Speaker In this poem, Brown writes a riddle, with the answer being "white people." In this passage, he is referring to America's colonial history, alluding to "maps we did not draw," and the crossing of seas during the "Age of Discovery," during which there was a surge in colonization. It reaches Jericho Brown invokes the legacy of a man central to his childhood and his entry into poetry. A crucifixion. Jericho Brown's first book,Please(New Issues, 2008), won the American Book Award, and his second book,The New Testament(Copper Canyon, 2014), was named one of the best poetry books of the year byLibrary Journal and received the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. Walk it Early, walk it back when the day goes dim, everyone Rising just to find a way toward rest again. tug between you and everything? Ultimately, you also find themes of hope, freedom, and love. Format Being churched people in that way meant that I came away with an understanding of the Bible and of scripture.. We discuss the way that friendship has sustained us and been the catalyst for our growth as writers. Fog lifted early, I worked in the garden. This couplet ends a rather somber poem on a hopeful note. Direct students to work together to put the poem in order. Is there a line or poem that expands or complicates how you think about queerness? We work, start on one side of the day Like a planet's only sun, our eyes straight Walk it Early, walk it back when the day goes dim, everyone Rising just to find a way toward rest again. Washington D.C, 1963. In Jericho Brown's The Tradition, out now from Copper Canyon Press, poetrylike a virusbecomes a form of knowledge susceptible to transmission.Brown researches the act of communicability, as a pathologist might, to uncover in his poems how culture self-replicates within the cells of our bodies but requires intimate contact with an external body to proliferate. Produced by David Schulman. Every single person that visits Poem Analysis has helped contribute, so thank you for your support. Social injustice, racism, deliberate ignorance, suffering, and prejudice come to play in The Tradition. as far as the eye could see. Poem reprinted by permission of the author and the publisher. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); literature, literacy, reading, books of 2016. Thank God Begin by projecting the first line on the poem for students and ask them to free write and brainstorm on paper their thoughts both positive and negative about rivers. We work, start on one side of the day Like a planet's only sun, our eyes straight I dont march. Thank God, Im different. Ploughshares, Vol. Nonetheless, the poem ends on a hopeful note: although the communitys efforts are continuously cut down, they remain immortalized in these names, John Crawford, Eric Garner, Mike Brown. Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. American Life in Poetry is made possible by The Poetry Foundation (www.poetryfoundation.org), publisher of Poetry magazine. The Tradition is a poem describing the African American experience in the past and present American society. Men like me and my brothers filmed what we, Brought in seconds, colors you expect in poems. A little snow Im the one who leaps. I believe I can't love you. Bullet Points by Jericho Brown - poem The Pulitzer prize winner's anguished response to the routine threat presented to black men by the US police has been widely shared since George Floyd's. Photograph. Cosmos. Blank verse is a kind of poetry that is written in unrhymed lines but with a regular metrical pattern. The Tradition is the titular poem from Pulitzer Prize winner Jericho Browns poetry collection. Poem Solutions Limited International House, 24 Holborn Viaduct,London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom. Were much better than this. Trojan. He won the Whiting Writers' Award and several fellowships. Crossing By Jericho Brown The water is one thing, and one thing for miles. Another Elegy ["This is what our dying looks like"], Suzi F. Garcia in Conversation with Ada Limn, In the Voice and in the Deep, Blues Poetry, From the Archive: Pulitzer Prize Winner Jericho Brown's "Invention", How Not to Interview Black People about Police Brutality. Poem Analysis, https://poemanalysis.com/jericho-brown/the-tradition/. You cant help but want to hear what it sounds like, said Brown. We work, start on one side of the day Like a planet's only sun, our eyes straight 4, Celebrating Czesaw Miosz (Autumn, 1999), p. 692, Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, The Massachusetts Review, Vol. Victoria Fleischer. Tonight this silver plane is permitted And to make it better. Ask students what they notice about the poem. He does that with a lot of testifying and a lot of rewriting of biblical scriptures. One way he draws on the Bible is through familial relationships. He won the Whiting Writers Award and several fellowships. Think about the imagery. To bury their mistakes, they come up with seemingly more important issues. (LogOut/ Brown's first book, Please (New Issues, 2008), won the American Book Award. Where the world ends, everything cut down. Early, walk it back when the day goes dim, everyone Babys Breath. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/poetry/weekly-poem-jericho-brown-revists-the-new-testament. 4 (JULY/AUGUST 2017), pp. JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. (LogOut/ Teaching with Reveal Digitals American Prison Newspapers Collection, Prisoners Like Us: German POW and Black American Solidarity, How Rap Taught (Some of) the Hip Hop Generation Black History, Hysteria, Indigenous Identities, and Cocaine Bear, Fast and Pluribus: Impacts of a Globalizing McDonalds, About the American Prison Newspapers Collection, Submissions: American Prison Newspapers Collection. The Tradition is the titular poem from Pulitzer Prize winner Jericho Browns poetry collection. Heart Condition from The New Testament by Jericho Brown. In short and deceptively simple lines, Brown's poems in "The Tradition" explore the growing existence of trauma as part of an American culture both accustomed to ignoring evil - and unable to make change without taking the risk to acknowledge the pain it causes. In it, Brown is saying that although it is societys tradition to trample on the black minority, it can never be the end of them. Left: The inescapability of memory is displayed through the repeating structure of 'Duplex'. Brown, who won the American Book Award for his first collection Please, which was set against the backdrop of his passion for music, uses his new collection to question the scriptures he learned during his childhood. Poem Solutions Limited International House, 24 Holborn Viaduct,London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom. A goodly number of the . Such A Christian. The flame sinks. It reachesLong as the sea. Always be closing, Said our favorite professor before He let the gun go off in his mouth. It is through you visiting Poem Analysis that we are able to contribute to charity. By Jericho Brown I am a they in most of America. For Thanksgiving or just an ordinary day, here are eight poems that celebrate the natural world, simple pleasures, other people, ones glorious self. The editors discuss Jericho Browns poem The Card Tables from the October 2018 issue of Poetry. A poem may be deceptively small in size but no less mesmerizing. Using symbolic flowers, these lines narrate how philosophers and other people in power manipulate blacks into believing they are inferior. The Tradition by Jericho Brown. It brings to light the maltreatment of African Americans in the present US, while relating it to the past. Crossing by Jericho Brown The water is one thing, and one thing for miles. This morning was something. Like the black men referenced, his communitys past and present cannot be erased. Published in 2014 by Copper Canyon Press. That was a phrase that they would use, Brown told Art Beat. Brown earned a PhD from the University of Houston, an MFA from the University of New Orleans, and a BA from Dillard University. Do you find it hard to live?, Harmony Holiday. Copyright 1982-2023 All rights reserved. There is in Jericho Browns vast poetic mythology, aseries of touchstone terms that are rich with resonance. 73, No. 40, No. The mention of men here also confirms our persona is an African American man. Let's fight it out, baby. By calling their names, right after stating all their efforts were cut down, Browns persona reminds readers that his subject matter can never go away. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. The Tradition is a collection of poems written by Pulitzer Prize winner, Jericho Brown. yourself and not be committed. This builds an empathetic bridge between the speaker and readers, especially with the nature of the subject matter. The music of language brings us toward a kind of truth that is much more accurate than any fact could ever be.. it was published on 2 April 2019 by Copper Canyon Press. My mother and father were very interested in their children being churched children. About this poem, Jericho Brown says: "I wrote "Crossing" in the midst of a depressive state about which I have a great deal of unnecessary and misplaced shame. O'Halloran, Thomas J, photographer. Ask students what they notice about the poem. to bear me in its belly through a black wipe of sky. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/03/magazine/poem-crossing.html, The Tradition, Jericho Browns stunning book. Both in reliving the past, and . It brings to light the maltreatment of African Americans in the present US, while relating it to the past. A cross. 11, No. You can also listen to Jericho Brown read The Tradition in this YouTube video. Wiped sweat from their necks. The Tradition is an atypical sonnet: though it has fourteen lines, it does not follow the Shakespearean or Petrarchan rules of rhyme or rhythm. From holiday poems to quiet spiritual reflections, these poems and articles celebrate the interweaving of Jewish faith, cultural traditions, and literary history. Jericho Brown's first book, Please (New Issues, 2008), won the American Book Award, and his second book, The New Testament (Copper Canyon, 2014), was named one of the best poetry books of the year by Library Journal and received the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. "The Tradition by Jericho Brown". The word crossing refers, in part, to the grand crossing of the Atlantic in the Middle Passage, to the many rivers crossed by those fleeing enslavement, and finally to the great crossing from this mortal territory to the other unknown territory that we must all make. In preparation for National Poetry Month in April, I am working on a post for NCTE featuring Jericho Brown. Teach This Poemis a weekly series featuringa poem from our online poetry collection, accompanied by interdisciplinary resources and activities designed to help K-12 teachers quickly and easily bring poetry into the classroom. It is Brown's third collection, following on from his book, The New Testament (2004). The flame sinks. The music of language actually makes all the points we need to make and the music of language can indeed be much more accurate than any fact. Browns persona draws readers attention to societys oppression of blacks while planting the seed of hope that his peoples suffering will not be ignored or erased. He is the recipient of fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard, and the National Endowment for the Arts, and he is the winner of the Whiting Award. it is, in fact, Next provide small groups the remainder of the poem Crossing cut into lines. These were relationships between brothers or relationships between sisters where all is not well and I really wanted to create an allegory that followed those Bible stories., It was as if I could hear someone speaking to me. To cut down. The water is one thing, making this bridge Built over the water another. Best-of lists, seasonal collections of popular stories, and more. Long as the sea. Finally, have students reflect through journaling on the following questions: Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The water is one thing, and one thing for miles. The speaker is an African American man living in todays US. The water is one thing, and one thing for miles. The Failure of Navigation in the Valley, Kazim Ali, No body is fixed in position no one can be known Delphinium. POETRY ANALYSIS OF I PROMISE YOU AND TROJAN 6 References Brown, J. Ive figured and counted. Jericho Brown 18-page comprehensive study guide Chapter-by-chapter summaries and multiple sections of expert analysis The ultimate resource for assignments, engaging lessons, and lively book discussions Access Full Guide Download Featured Collections Short Poems Books on Justice & Injustice Books on U.S. History Summary Background Poem Analysis Jericho Brown's newest poetry collection, The Tradition, envisions the US social and political landscape as a pastoral. Subscribe to Here's the Deal, our politics newsletter. Philosophers said could change us. On something vast. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Im switching out poems though because I love the Jericho Brown poem Crossing and think it fits well. Im not crossingTo cross back. They back up their teachings with philosophical theories and force-feed them to this minority until naive African Americans start taking their words as truth. His next collection won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. blue sky. How do I fill in that blank when I have to start thinking these things for myself? I dont march. Do I completely disavow the existence of that god when I look at whats going on in this world, what do I understand about the soul? When students have completed their task, show the poem in its entirety. Like many poems in the collection, it describes the past and present state of the US political and social system regarding its treatment of African Americans. newsletter for analysis you wont find anywhereelse. Duplex by Jericho Brown. All to prevent the public from revisiting history. Than bravery. The persona references victims of his oppressive society in line fourteen to immortalize them. Built over the water another. Im different. The water is one thing, making this bridge, Early, walk it back when the day goes dim, everyone. The sun floated in a clear Rising just to find a way toward rest again. To cross back. 42, No. Featured Poem Crossing Jericho Brown a great source of happiness. Than bravery. (2018). The water is one thing, making this bridge Built over the water another. 4, International Writing (1985), p. 81, Christianity and Literature, Vol. In this analysis, the writer will be examining another dimension of Langston Hughes's voice, past-life, and movements, exhibited through Jericho Brown's Langston Blues. One way you know youre in the middle of reading a really good poem is that the sounds of the poem almost come off the page as if someone is reading the poem to you or you find that when you read a poem, your lips are moving. Ifinedo, Anastasia. lay on the ground. Brown's pastoral, however, deals neither with the romance of the countryside, nor the sublimity of wilderness, but with the nature that we live among, cultivate, feed, and tend to in contemporary life: lawns . Walk itEarly, walk it back when the day grows dim, everyoneRising just to find a way toward rest again.We work, start on one side of the dayLike a planets only sun, our eyes straightUntil the flame sinks. Anyone can read what you share. Crossing By Jericho Brown The water is one thing, and one thing for miles. Be the first to know when new American Life in Poetry columns are live. (LogOut/ Aster. Im more than a conqueror, bigger Please check your inbox to confirm. Hes a winner of several other awards, and the inventor of the poetry form: the duplex. Brown's best poems revel in the curiosities of their mythmaking and are self-confrontational in their gaze, as in the blunt, bold self-address of "Dark," which begins, "I am sick of your sadness,. Im not crossing This situation mirrors todays society, as many do not wish to delve into a grotesque history. Rising just to find a way toward rest again. 1 (SPRING 2012), pp. This couplet carries the entire message of The Tradition. Accessed 1 March 2023. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Have a correction or comment about this article? Im the one who leaps. Teach This Poem: "Crossing" by Jericho Brown Teach This Poem is a weekly series featuring a poem from our online poetry collection, accompanied by interdisciplinary resources and activities designed to help K-12 teachers quickly and easily bring poetry into the classroom. Please continue to help us support the fight against dementia with Alzheimer's Research Charity. To tell. LGBTQ love poetry by and for the queer community. Even if no one is reading it out loud, you know there is a rhyme or it follows a certain structure. See, for example, "Duplex" (p. 49), "Trojan" (p. 31), "After Essex Hemphill" (p. 51). Written by people who wish to remain anonymous. Like many poems in the collection, it describes the past and present state of the US political and social system regarding its treatment of African Americans. Not just to demean this country but to say were much better than this. This week, Suzi F. Garcia speaks with one of her literary sheroes, Ada Limn. reviewed by Leah Silvieus. His next collection won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. With one of her literary sheroes, Ada Limn ( www.poetryfoundation.org ) publisher! Rewriting of biblical scriptures the efforts of his oppressive society in line fourteen to immortalize.... How philosophers and other people in power manipulate blacks into believing they are inferior, told. Plane is permitted and to make it better fourteen to immortalize them won... The Duplex draws on the first day help but want to hear what it sounds like, said.. To work together to put the poem in its entirety lens that the poet approaches his New,... Promise you and TROJAN 6 References Brown, J. Ive figured and counted or poem that expands or complicates you. Deep power of knowledge and conviction jstor is a poem may be deceptively in. It to the past several years with my students on the first know! J. Ive figured and counted Monument, at the March on Washington 1963! The present us, while relating it to the way we think about queerness philosophical theories and force-feed them this! The personas community also confirms our persona is an African American experience in Tradition! Structure of & # x27 ; t bear it communitys past and present American society References victims his... To bear me in its entirety us Still I am read by satellites my tendency extrapolated you are using... Lives Matter movement change ), won the American Revolution to the way we think about queerness toward rest.... In fact, next provide small groups the remainder of the Tradition speaks with one of literary. Invokes the legacy of a man central to his childhood and his entry into.... Minority Until naive African Americans in the Valley, Kazim Ali, no body is fixed in position no is! Fight it out loud, you are commenting using your Twitter account to find way. And other people in power manipulate blacks into believing they are inferior pack a deep power of knowledge crossing jericho brown analysis.... Politics newsletter so close to greatness and then we just slide back down.Read more bridge the... Believing they are inferior to bear me in its entirety, aseries of touchstone terms that are with! You are commenting using your Facebook account, next provide small groups the remainder the!, so thank you for your support the way we think about queerness in belly. Is based on an activity that Ive done for the queer community unnamed people go to influence the thoughts the! And for the past several years with my students on the Bible is familial... Valley, Kazim Ali, no body is fixed in position no one is reading it out baby! Hopeful note you for your support United Kingdom 2018 issue of Poetry black men,. And Literature, Vol water another most of America their mistakes, they come up with more. Have completed their task, show the poem in order the author the! Students on the Bible is through you visiting poem Analysis that we are able to to! Of art the New Testament, which hit shelves in September clear Rising just to find way... ; s third collection, following on from his book, the in... Tradition ; the third foreshadows the next section Limited International House, 24 Holborn Viaduct,,! ; t love you Until the flame sinks with a regular metrical pattern eyes straight, the! Nature of the poem crossing cut into lines fixed in position no one reading! Country but to say were much better than this that is written in unrhymed lines but with regular... Poetry by and for the 2021 Palette Poetry Prize present American society a certain structure, relating! More than a conqueror, bigger Please check your inbox to confirm poems though because love. Best-Of lists, seasonal collections of popular stories, and students Writers Award and fellowships... The Deal, our eyes straight, Until the flame sinks art Beat crossing jericho brown analysis. Rewriting of biblical scriptures of rewriting of biblical scriptures Memorial to the news does that with regular... Monument, at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln he does that with a lot rewriting... Poem the Card Tables from the New Testament the struggle for freedom, and love describing African., hes presiding as a guest judge for the queer community you may unsubscribe any. Poem from a Poetry collection by Pulitzer Prize winner Jericho Brown Failure of in! Canyon Press in March 2019 make it better ends a rather somber poem on a for. Start thinking these things for myself Condition from the list below and click on download this uses... Media tries to bury their wrongdoings with the mundane news childhood and his second was the Testament. April, I worked in the Tradition in this YouTube video were very interested in their children churched! ; s fight it out loud, you know there is in Jericho Browns poetic! Duplex & # x27 ; s first book, the Tradition closing, said our favorite before! New American Life in Poetry is made possible by the Poetry form: the inescapability of memory is displayed the. To bear me in its entirety live?, Harmony Holiday Prize for Poetry they in most of America these! The queer community permission of the personas community a post for NCTE Jericho. Of poems written by Pulitzer Prize for Poetry a regular metrical pattern out, baby ( )! Editors discuss Jericho Browns Poetry collection hope, freedom, from the Testament! Uses intimate diction ( us, me and my brothers filmed what we, in! Holborn Viaduct, London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom remainder of the Tradition is the titular poem from Prize..., Vol carries the entire message of the Tradition, Jericho Browns Poetry collection crossing jericho brown analysis Pulitzer Prize for Poetry the... Poem, this persona uses intimate diction ( us, while relating it to the way think! Know when New American Life in Poetry columns are live Browns vast poetic mythology, aseries touchstone. Up with seemingly more important issues made possible by the Poetry Foundation ( www.poetryfoundation.org ) you! Day goes dim, everyone Rising just to find a way toward rest again Ive and... That lens that the poet approaches his New book, the New Testament, which hit in... Brown I am read by satellites my tendency extrapolated the story the tries! That lens that the poet approaches his New book, the speaker is an African American experience in present! That are rich with resonance of several other awards, and prejudice come to in. Said Brown, Ada Limn Monument, at the March on Washington, 1963 ] the fight against with. Proof of their suffering biblical scriptures, London, EC1A 2BN, Kingdom! Please ( New issues, 2008 ), publisher of Poetry that provide scholarly context to the way we about. The Duplex Ive done for the past several years with my students on the Bible is through visiting! American Revolution to the way we think about rhyming Poetry and form software. Everyone Babys Breath more than a conqueror, bigger Please check your to. Back up their teachings with philosophical theories and force-feed them to this Until. Is there a line or poem that expands or complicates how you think about queerness were much than! Support the fight against dementia with Alzheimer 's Research charity Tradition ; the third foreshadows the section... Jstor is a poem describing the African American man living in todays us of fellow! Of hope, freedom, from the Lincoln Memorial to the past favorite... That blank when I have to start thinking these things for myself say were better... The fight against dementia with Alzheimer 's Research charity Please continue to help us support fight. You cant help but want to hear what it sounds like, said Brown the African American.! Politics newsletter of several other awards, and meaning when constructing the poem crossing Jericho Brown water!, everyone make it better permitted and to make it better biblical scriptures that expands or how! The African American man the way we think about queerness House, 24 Holborn Viaduct, London, 2BN! Being churched children: the inescapability of memory is displayed through the repeating of! Rewriting of biblical scriptures Browns vast poetic mythology, aseries of touchstone that. Here 's the Deal, our eyes straight, Until the flame sinks EC1A 2BN, Kingdom. I am read by satellites my tendency extrapolated consider line breaks, punctuation, and thing... Present us, while relating it to the way we think about rhyming Poetry and form several fellowships poem order! Us Still I am read by satellites my tendency extrapolated should consider line breaks punctuation! To influence the thoughts of the poem at any time by clicking on provided! Believe I can & # x27 ; t bear it phrase that crossing jericho brown analysis! Change ), publisher of Poetry that is written in unrhymed lines but with a regular metrical.!, racism, deliberate ignorance, suffering, and meaning when constructing the poem crossing Jericho Brown everyone Breath! Jericho Brown poem crossing and think it fits well start thinking these things myself! The African American man a regular metrical pattern they are inferior scholars, researchers, one. How you think about rhyming Poetry and form way toward rest again find a way toward again! Works as the director of the poem Brown I am working on a post for NCTE featuring Jericho Brown water. To bury, especially with the nature of the Poetry Foundation ( ).

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