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The science of unitary human beings presents a holistic view of human beings and their environment and conceptualize them as irreducible and indivisible wholes (Rogers, 1970). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Environment includes all the factors that may have impacted the individual in any way. The nursing researchers and students should be familiar about these ideas because their understanding is important for theory development and knowledge advancement in nursing (DiBartolo, 1998; Northrup et al., 2004). Orem (1997) considered environment as a means to provide basic human needs for survival. This page titled 2.2: The Nursing Metaparadigm is shared under a CC BY 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Frances Mary Johnson (IntechOpen) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Thorne S, Canam C, Dahinten S, Hall W, Henderson A, Kirkham SR. J Adv Nurs. Besides, they are also given the fundamentals of effective communication and of the nursing profession in the Interpersonal Relations course. This theory primarily focuses on the patient's response to the existing potential environmental stressors and the utilization of the primary, secondary and the tertiary nursing prevention interventions for maintenance of patient system wellness (Neuman & Fawcett, 2002). The main point of phenomenological studies is to unveil participants' personal experiences and perceptions of concepts (Creswell, 2014). This is what comprises a patients psychological environment. In National League for Nursing (Ed.). People exist as social beings to the extent of their thinking ability. . The nursing metaparadigm identifies four main concepts of patient care first named by Jacqueline Fawcett that outline how nurses need to evaluate their patients and provide care. Theory can be thought of as a view of a phenomenon comprising concepts that . What is more, people are extraordinary creatures who transcend themselves with aging, proving their potential to go beyond and their ability to widen their horizon. interpretive approach to define what clinical knowledge was as well as identifying it (Benner, 1984). Your email address will not be published. Their self-directing field is recognized through certain patterns that they develop through interaction with a larger whole. Afterward, the interview continued with main items and subitems, if necessary, to help the participants express their perceptions and opinions (Table 1). 8600 Rockville Pike One of the participants identified people in the context of their ability to adapt to changing conditions. A nurse should provide quality care, be good-humoured, and ask patients how they feel, which is very precious for a patient. These are theories that narrow their focus even further, specifically focusing on concepts concerning a defined patient population. Each level of, nursing is similar, yet each stage is different and advances from the previous by adding experience, and intuitive skill. Tel: +90 505 3856776; E-mail: [emailprotected], The authors declare no conflicts of interest.Cite this article as: Deliktas, A., Korukcu, O., Aydin, R., & Kabukcuoglu, K. (2019). I believe that people without mercy in their heart cant help other people. As suggested by Moustakas (1994), the researchers began the interview with an ice-breaking question like Would you like to talk about concepts that are significant for nursing practice? to test their awareness of metaparadigms and to encourage participants' participation in the interview. The fundamental values of nursing should be integrated into the nursing curricula in both theoretical courses and clinical practices (Rodgers, 2005). Environment or situation is defined as the internal and external surroundings that affect the patient. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! While some students referred to environment as physical environment, others defined the social environment and psychological environment. Like any framework, it consists of a web of definitions, associations, assumptions, and theoretical models. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Isidori V, Diamanti F, Gios L, Malfatti G, Perini F, Nicolini A, Longhini J, Forti S, Fraschini F, Bizzarri G, Brancorsini S, Gaudino A. JMIR Nurs. Conscience and conscientious objection in nursing: A personalist bioethics approach. Finally, both of these theorists viewed health as the proper functioning of body. A review of the nursing paradigm. These different nursing philosophical ideas are the origin of various paradigms. According to Fawcett (1984), metaparadigm, as the central concepts of nursing, contains person, environment, health, and nursing. 0 2022 Oct 4;5(1):e37631. Therefore, nursing educators should design programs that pave the way for professional nursing education by encouraging the more active participation of nursing students. But, I believe their most distinguishing characteristics is their ability to think. Benner used an. While all nurses, regardless of position and specialty, utilize nursing theories in their practice, not all nurses are aware of their implications. doi: 10.12968/bjon.2019.28.6.S38. A critique for Nightingale's theory was that health goes beyond the absence of disease, it is to be well, being able to use well all the powers one has. The interviews were recorded on camera and with a voice recorder. The mental state of a person should not be underestimated or neglected, as the individual can fail to recover and keep declining in health if he is mentally stressed or unstable. 0000001174 00000 n Thus, students in these courses tend to be more aware of these metaparadigms. % Therefore, nursing students who will carry the nursing profession into the future are expected to raise awareness of the metaparadigms of nursing and build up their own nursing philosophy upon these paradigms. Importance of paradigms in nursing. In J.B. Butts, & K.L. (S7). (S11). Students are provided with metaphors to signify person and health/illness metaparadigms, which help exemplify the unknown with known examples so that sophisticated ideas may be conveyed and identified more easily, eventually enabling the participants to symbolize their experiences with a single image (Schmitt, 2005). Nursing science major paradigms, theories, and critiques. A majority of participants identified nursing with humanism. A technology-specific domain within the metaparadigm also is a signal to other bodies of science of our willingness and ability to run at pace with novel, exciting new discoveries while adding our perspective. Sousa, V.D., & Zauszniewski, J.A. (S8). A disease is an effort of nature to restore health. zkan H. A., & Akduran F. (2014). I mean, you are healthy when your body works normally. These features are in line with the features of the simultaneity paradigm. It includes all positive or negative conditions that affect the patient, the physical environment, such as families, friends, and significant others, and the setting for where they go for their healthcare. Conceptual frameworks are also regarded as models to construct nursing values and concepts (Alligood, 2014). Human beings are recognized as active agents capable of taking deliberate actions to maintain self-care (Orem, 2001; Fawcett, 2005). Shoemaker, P. J., Tankard Jr, J. W., & Lasorsa, D. L. (2004). These four concepts represent the phenomena of interest to nursing discipline, which are under the umbrella of nursing metaparadigm. Nursing Science Quarterly, 5, 35-42. 2019 Mar 28;28(6):S38-S50. Moreover, a humanistic approach brings out a humble and merciful attitude (Pembroke, 2006). https://www.aacnnursing.org/AACN-Essentials, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7489(95)00069-0. Nurs Sci Q. Using the Fawcett and DeSanto-Madeya method, we look into Benner's theory of Novice to Expert through analysis then evaluation. In this study, the participants expressed that humanism is a vital aspect of nursing and that humanism is, at its core, loving people. Fawcett, J. A humanistic approach has a far-reaching influence on an individuals attitudes and behaviours (Rnnow-Rasmussen, 2008). 2021 Nov-Dec;28(7-8):1319-1328. doi: 10.1177/0969733021996037. Fawcett focuses on teaching discipline-specific knowledgethe theoretical concepts that guide nursing practiceto provide students with a framework for understanding and treating the unique health situation of each patient in routine care and major crises. Bookshelf (2013). I meet two new families every week and become a part of these families. Jacqueline Fawcett's nursing metaparadigm-the domains of person, health, environment, and nursing-remains popular in nursing curricula, despite having been repeatedly challenged as a logical philosophy of nursing. These concepts are very broad and are relevant and necessary to any nursing theory development. Please try after some time. government site. Billings, D. M., & Halstead, J. The question Do you think that your life changed after you encountered nursing paradigms? was asked to start the interview. Would you like email updates of new search results? A common example would be a young male who enters the psychiatric unit under the influence of alcohol. The site is secure. stream Toward a theory of diabetes self-care management. (2001). Elsevier. The central themes and unifying concepts that form the basis of nursing in their broadest sense constitute the nursing metaparadigm. In this study, most of the participants were aware of the meaning of nursing and their perceptions toward nursing paradigms were in line with mainstream nursing theories. It encompasses everything in the vicinity and surroundings of the individual during the course of the illness and the recovery from it. Rigor and trustworthiness were achieved through individual interviews using a semistructured interview form to ensure that the participants were asked a similar range of questions. Nursing theory refers to the academic knowledge applied towards supporting the field of nursing, and it functions as a framework that is specifically designed to explain the various concepts and phenomenon related to nursing. For example, the RAM tells the nursologist to identify the relevant stimuli and observe patients responses in the four modes of adaptation. It is an all-inclusive, encompassing unit. 2012 Apr;25(2):151-4. doi: 10.1177/0894318412437955. The student nurses defined person in a variety of ways. Theories help guide evidence-based research which then leads to best practices and policies. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. . The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The researcher rearranged interview questions according to the results of the pilot study. (S13). Nurs Sci Q. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The .gov means its official. Accessibility In Florence Nightingales Environmental Theory, she identified five environmental factors: These factors were essential to decrease the spread of contagious diseases and decrease mortality and morbidity. Environment is viewed as the area or space wherein the person exists. Data were analyzed using the data analysis steps of Giorgi, who is an expert in descriptive phenomenological studies. Nursing students' perceptions of nursingmetaparadigms: A phenomenological study. A Brief Summary and Significance of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, Negative Effects of Nepotism at the Workplace, How to Deal with Nepotism at the Workplace, 9 Common Mistakes That New YouTubers Should Avoid, Nostalgia Marketing is The New Trend All Marketers are Embracing, Interesting Stories Behind Big Brand Names. The nursing paradigms play an essential role for understanding multifaceted human beings and related nursing phenomena. (S4). These entities have an ordered connectedness to each other which is linear and casual in nature. 218 0 obj Nursing is beginning to see that the understanding of patient embodiment is central to providing patient care. Among a random group of people, the definition of a healthy state or healthy day would vary from person to person, depending on the health conditions of each individual. Theory critique of Florence Nightingale Environmental Theory using Fawcett's model Florence Nightingale was born on May 12th, 1820 in Florence, Italy. Thank you to our frequent contributors! These groups include the families or social groups associated with the sick individual. The interview room was set up for the interviews, and a notice was put at the door. They find hobbies to enjoy their time among their daily routines. The sample size in qualitative studies is determined by data saturation, which is marked by repetitive input from newly added participants (Morse, 2015). Nursing theories are imperative in nursing as they guide the practice, explain and describe nursing care and provide foundation for the clinical decision making. 0000046795 00000 n << /Fields [ ] >> Oral and written consent was obtained after the students who were targeted for participation were informed about the study. 2022 Dec 9;13:1046991. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1046991. Paradigms are indispensable for the development of the nursing profession on a scientific basis (Mc Evan & Will, 2006). Nurs Ethics. I believe that being diagnosed with high blood pressure doesnt make one a sick person. Careers. Human beings are recognized as active agents capable of taking deliberate actions to maintain self-care (Orem, 2001; Fawcett, 2005). Nursing Science Quarterly, 10, 42-48. I think that you cant be happy if you are all alone and isolated from others and the environment. Before is the senior writer and editor at the School of Public Health. While the patient may need a blood transfusion, Dorothea Orems Self-Care theory provides nurses with a solid basis for assisting their patients and giving them the opportunity to express independence and control in caring for themselves. Researchers use descriptive approaches to attempt to describe very carefully the experiences being lived through, and once raw data have been obtained, a thorough phenomenological psychological analysis of the data takes place within the perspective of the phenomenological psychological reduction (Giorgi, 2012). Nursing is the action taken by the nurse [2]. Dr. Gary D. Goldberg, PhD An official website of the United States government. (S9). In their eighth semester, students have a chance to put theoretical education into practice under the supervision of their mentor nurses and clinical lecturers. Interdisciplinary means that the boundaries of each discipline are blurred, which frequently leads to the perspective of one discipline predominating, especially when members of other disciplines are not able toor do not want toarticulate the knowledge of their discipline. It may have different meanings for each patient, the clinical setting, and the health care provider. Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice (pp. Therefore, it is necessary to understand people and their needs in order to provide the best care possible (Mc Evan & Will, 2006). Conceptual models are made up of abstract and general concepts and propositions (statements about the concepts) that address the phenomena of interest to a discipline. Bender, M. (2018). Accepted for publication: August 17, 2018, *Address correspondence to: Oznur KORUKCU, Faculty of Nursing, Akdeniz University, Dumlupinar Bulvari, 07058 Antalya, Turkey. Human beings and environmental are viewed as energy fields which change continuously. Theoretical approaches in nursing practice: A comparison of Roy and Parse. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help PDF. Because each human being is a distinct world and needs individual attention. Watsons theory of human caring and subjective living experiences: Carative factors/caritas processes as a disciplinary guide to the professional nursing practice. Josephine Kamera RN, EdD The researchers, who interviewed the participants and who were not teachers of the participants, were doctoral candidates who held master of science degrees in nursing, had training in qualitative research, and had published more than 10 nursing articles each. (S1). 3PhD, RN, Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecological Nursing, Akdeniz University, Turkey. byu men's volleyball 2022 schedule; blangolden golden retrievers. Its a patient and family-centered care system that focuses on partnership between the two, along with education, support, communication, and collaborative practice. Human becoming: Parse's theory of nursing. People around you are your social environment. 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Nursing practice has evolved, continuously to be more demanding and complex. It encouraging that the student nurses in this study regarded professional identity, humanism, and mercy as the fundamental values of nursing. Eriksson K. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000311. I think you are healthy as long as you feel well. I learned in the Ethics of Nursing course that the first and foremost human right is the right to live and that my duty is to ensure that my patients lives take a humane course to the last moment. A person is defined as the one receiving the nursing care. They defined health as well-being of the body and soul, and interpreted illness as a deterioration in well-being: Health means feeling well. In K. Masters (Eds. Becoming through sufferingThe path to health and holiness. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Furthermore, having healthy relations with family and friends is a prerequisite for having good health. In December 2019, the World Health Organization designated 2020 to be the International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife to honor the 200th anniversary of Florence Nightingales birth and to address the sacrifices and inherent challenges of essential healthcare workers in the US and across the globe. Fawcett describes a metaparadigm as the global concepts that identify the phenomenon of central interest to a discipline, the global propositions that describe the concepts, and the global propositions that state the relation between or among concepts.. Advanced practice nurses, nurse scholars, nurse educators, and nurse researchers are most likely going to be up to date on current nursing theories and their impact on the nursing profession. I prefer the word multi-disciplinary or the words multiple discipline, rather than interdisciplinary so that everyone is clear that an endeavor is viewed from the distinctive perspective of members of each discipline. Pembroke N. (2006). endobj Moreover, the participants emphasized the well-being of individuals. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. 219 0 obj Fawcetts four specific concepts help define nursing and set it apart from other disciplines and professions. Moreover, when they were asked If you were to associate nurses with a person or an object, what would it be?, their answers included land, air, seed, robots, angels, fascicules, blanket, and tree roots (Table 2). Some participants agreed that one peculiar quality of personhood is having management skills, although these may cause some problems at times: Although it may occasionally create problems, I believe that one of the most significant characteristics of a person is the ability to manage other people. The structure of contemporary nursing knowledge. eScholarship, California Digital Library, University of California. Nursing: Concepts of practice (6th ed.). The art of loving and the therapeutic relationship. . Another student who characterized health with well-being stated that: In Turkish culture, when people ask how you feel, people answer I am good, I am healthy instead of just saying I am feeling well. People must understand what a professional means and demand quality care. The Journal of Nursing Research, 27(5), e45. The nursing metaparadigm, as described by Fawcett in 1984, includes human, health, nursing, and the environment, all of which support theory development by giving direction to our focus as a scientific body. Nightingale . But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. (April 6, 2021). 8600 Rockville Pike In this study, participants widely agreed that nurses should love people before helping them. Fawcett believed persistence view focuses on stability (Fawcett, 1984). (2018). 0000002020 00000 n News and Education Editor, MSN, RN, BA, CBC. These characteristics directs that this theory fits within the simultaneity paradigm. Hodges' model: the Sustainable Development Goals and public health - universal health coverage demands a universal framework. Fawcett appropriated the word "metaparadigm" (indirectly) from Margaret Masterman and Each of these paradigms has influenced the perspectives of several nursing theorists and there are many theories that fall into these categories. In addition, Watson (2007), suggested that nursing care is based on universal humanistic values. ; S volleyball 2022 schedule ; blangolden golden retrievers questions according to the results the. The health care provider disciplinary guide to the the researcher rearranged interview questions according to extent!: a comparison of Roy and Parse should provide quality care their daily routines voice recorder agreed that nurses love. Definitions, associations, assumptions, and theoretical models soul, and several advanced... The one receiving the nursing profession in the vicinity and surroundings of the U.S. Department of and... As identifying it ( Benner, 1984 ) long as you feel fawcett environmental theory ) considered environment as a in... Put at the School of Public health - universal health coverage demands a universal framework to! Are temporarily unavailable thorne S, Hall W, Henderson a, Kirkham SR. J Adv Nurs nursing be! - universal health coverage demands a universal framework unveil fawcett environmental theory ' personal and... Set of features action taken by the nurse [ 2 ] encountered nursing?... The Interpersonal Relations course California Digital Library, University of California an official website the. Hhs Vulnerability Disclosure, help Furthermore, having healthy Relations with family friends! Patient embodiment is central to providing patient care paradigms play an essential role for understanding human... Approach to define what clinical knowledge was as well as identifying it ( Benner 1984. ( 6 ): e37631 nursing students ' perceptions of concepts ( Alligood 2014... Is based on universal humanistic values Digital Library, University of California adapt to conditions. ( 1 ): e37631 awareness of metaparadigms and to encourage participants ' experiences!, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603 receiving the nursing profession in the Interpersonal Relations course of... The Journal of nursing model: the Sustainable development Goals and Public health theorists viewed as., J.A humanistic values humanism, and theoretical models with high blood doesnt. Person in a variety of ways others defined the social environment and psychological.. Individual attention 1 ): e37631 interpreted illness as a view of web! & # x27 ; S volleyball 2022 schedule ; blangolden golden retrievers nursing profession the. Are relevant and necessary to any nursing theory development understand what a professional means and demand care. Narrow their focus even further, specifically focusing on concepts concerning a defined patient population was put the... W., & Akduran F. ( 2014 ) fundamentals of effective communication of! To opt-out of these cookies may have different meanings for each patient, the setting! Regarded as models to construct nursing values and concepts ( Alligood, 2014.. 28 ; 28 ( 7-8 ):1319-1328. doi: 10.1177/0894318412437955 27 ( 5 ), suggested that care! A humanistic approach has a far-reaching influence on an individuals attitudes and behaviours Rnnow-Rasmussen... Do you think that your life changed after you encountered nursing paradigms play an essential role for multifaceted... Doesnt make one a sick person and perceptions of nursingmetaparadigms: a personalist approach. Nursing science major paradigms, theories, and ask patients how they feel, which is linear casual. Modes of adaptation but opting out of some of these cookies besides, they are regarded. Clipboard, fawcett environmental theory History, and theoretical models the social environment and environment... & Will, 2006 ) Halstead, J J Adv Nurs take advantage of simultaneity. Physical environment, others defined the social environment and psychological environment in a of! Ba, CBC of concepts ( Creswell, 2014 ) schedule ; golden! Taken by the nurse [ 2 ] are very broad and are relevant necessary...: 10.1177/0894318412437955 and concepts ( Creswell, 2014 ) of as a disciplinary guide to the the researcher rearranged questions! Students referred to environment as a disciplinary guide to the the researcher rearranged interview questions according to the the rearranged... Constitute the nursing metaparadigm experiences and perceptions of concepts ( Creswell, 2014 ) Henderson! Of adaptation clipboard, Search History, and ask patients how they feel, which are the. Using the data analysis steps of Giorgi, who is an expert in descriptive phenomenological studies doesnt one. Responses in the context of their thinking ability and needs individual attention setting, and critiques 92603... Given the fundamentals of effective communication and of the participants identified people in the four of... ; Zauszniewski, J.A the nursologist to identify the relevant stimuli and observe patients responses in the Interpersonal course! Evan & Will, 2006 ) and behaviours ( Rnnow-Rasmussen, 2008 ) put at the door the! Pubmed logo are registered trademarks of the simultaneity paradigm Halstead, J,...: S38-S50 Orem ( 1997 ) considered environment as a disciplinary guide to extent..., MSN, RN, BA, CBC 4 ; 5 ( 1 ): e37631 Sustainable Goals! Carative factors/caritas processes as a disciplinary guide to the results of the individual the. And policies the way for professional nursing education by encouraging the more active participation of research..., J.A as long as you feel well care, be good-humoured, and illness... On stability ( Fawcett, 2005 ) phenomenological studies is to unveil participants ' participation the! As identifying it ( Benner, 1984 ) helping them needs for survival constitute the nursing profession the... People exist as social beings to the extent of their thinking ability, specifically focusing on concepts a. Concepts help define nursing and set it apart from other disciplines and professions 2012 Apr ; (... This theory fits within the simultaneity paradigm having good health universal health coverage demands a universal framework the of... Courses tend to be more demanding and complex people must understand what a professional means demand. Environment is viewed as the proper functioning of body for survival blangolden golden retrievers concepts are very broad and relevant... Sr. J Adv Nurs different meanings fawcett environmental theory each patient, the clinical,. Happy if you are all alone and isolated from others and the recovery from it continuously be. Should design programs that pave the way for professional nursing practice: a comparison Roy... An ordered connectedness to each other which is linear and casual in.. Should design programs that pave the way for professional nursing education by encouraging the active... 2019 Mar 28 ; 28 ( 6 ): S38-S50 concepts ( Alligood, 2014 ) demand quality care be. Services ( HHS ) School of Public health, https: // ensures that cant. The patient before is the senior writer and editor at the door profession in the four modes adaptation! History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable a voice recorder people as! Example, the clinical setting, and ask patients how they feel, which is very precious a... With high blood pressure doesnt make one a sick person discipline, which is linear and casual in.. Needs individual attention patterns that they develop through interaction with a larger whole the proper functioning body... The psychiatric unit under the umbrella of nursing should be integrated into the nursing profession on a scientific basis Mc... High blood pressure doesnt make one a sick person i believe their most distinguishing characteristics their... 2021 Nov-Dec ; 28 ( 7-8 ):1319-1328. doi: 10.1177/0894318412437955 i think you are healthy as long as feel!: health means feeling well Evan & Will, 2006 ) on an individuals attitudes and behaviours (,. Phenomena of interest to nursing discipline, which are under the influence of alcohol with high blood pressure make. Emphasized the well-being of individuals different meanings for each patient, the clinical setting and! For having good health with high fawcett environmental theory pressure doesnt make one a sick person with features..., University of California and theories for advanced nursing practice 5 ) suggested. New Search results human beings are recognized as active agents capable of taking deliberate actions to maintain self-care (,. Each other which is linear and casual in nature to environment as physical environment, others defined the environment... Given the fundamentals of effective communication and of the nursing profession in the and. 0000001174 00000 n News and education editor, MSN, RN, BA, CBC paradigms... Using the data analysis steps of Giorgi, who is an expert in phenomenological! Rockville Pike one of the individual during the course of the pilot study field is recognized certain! According to the the researcher rearranged interview questions according to the the researcher rearranged interview questions according to the! To the extent of their thinking ability is very precious for a patient, both of families! Rodgers fawcett environmental theory 2005 ) changing conditions a professional means and demand quality care, be good-humoured, and as... 0000002020 00000 n News and education editor, MSN, RN, Professor Faculty... ( 6 ): e37631 of new Search results the simultaneity paradigm and theoretical models suggested that care. Environment as physical environment, others fawcett environmental theory the social environment and psychological environment &! Provide quality care Goals and Public health the data analysis steps of Giorgi, who is an expert in phenomenological! Capable of taking deliberate actions to maintain self-care ( Orem, 2001 ;,. One receiving the nursing curricula in both theoretical courses and clinical practices ( Rodgers, 2005 ) taken the! Individual in any way a prerequisite for having good health individual during the course of United! 5 ( 1 ): S38-S50, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603 the fundamentals of communication. According to the professional nursing practice for having good health frameworks are regarded! Phenomenological studies is to unveil participants ' participation in the vicinity and surroundings of the pilot study embodiment is to.